MLA 8th

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The MLA system uses in-text citations rather than footnotes or endnotes. The citations in-text are very brief, usually just the author's family name and a relevant page number. These citations correspond to the full references in the list of works cited at the end of the document.

Instructions and examples in this MLA guide are based on more detailed information in: MLA Handbook. 8th ed., Modern Language Association of America, 2016. Also refer to the MLA Style Center.

In-text citations - General points If the author's name is mentioned in the sentence, only cite the page number. If the author's name is not mentioned in the sentence, cite both the name and the page number. Font and capitalisation must match that in the reference list. Long quotations (more than four lines) should be indented. If you are citing more than one reference at the same point in a document, separate the references with a semicolon e.g. (Smith 150; Jackson 41). If the work has no author, use the title. If you are citing two works by the same author, put a comma after the author's name and add title words. eg (Smyth, "Memories of Motherhood" 77) to distinguish between them in the in-text citation. Do this when citing each of the sources throughout the piece of writing. If two authors have the same surname, use their first initial e.g. (G. Brown 26). Works Cited list - General points The recommended heading for the reference list is Works Cited, which should be centred. Each reference should be formatted with double-spacing and a hanging indent. Capitalise the first word of the title or subtitle, and all other significant words. Author's names should be listed with full forenames if known. The name of the first author is inverted to list the family name first. If there are additional authors their names are not inverted (e.g. Smith, Adam, and Laura Childs). If you cite more than one work by the same author, give the name in the first entry only. Thereafter, use three hyphens instead of the name, e.g. ---. If a reference does not have an author, list it by title. Ignore the leading article (A, The etc.) when inserting the reference into the alphabetical works cited list. If you cannot validate a reference's authorship, date of publication or its authoritativeness, especially if it is an online resource, consider using another similar reference that is more authoritative instead. For a journal article in an online database (e.g. via the Library website) include the name of the database (italicised). Use the URL that you see in the browser (omitting http:// or https://) unless the source identifies a DOI or permalink associated with it. When the title page lists two or more publishers which seem equally responsible for the work, cite each of them separating the names with a forward slash (e.g. Cambridge UP / Routledge).

How to create a hanging indent

Watch this video to learn how to create a hanging indent when you are compiling your Works Cited list in MLA format. These instructions are for MS Word 2010.

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